Ammonia surrogates in the synthesis of primary amines.

Primary amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Ammonia serves as the primary nitrogen source in amination reactions, and its utilization in solution or as a pure gas has witnessed notable advancements. However, the use of gaseous ammonia remains problematic in academic laboratory settings, while employing aqueous ammonia poses challenges in highly water-sensitive transformations. Consequently, the search for alternative sources of ammonia has garnered considerable attention among the organic chemistry community. This comprehensive literature review focuses on the use of ammonia surrogates in amination reactions, irrespective of the resulting intermediate. The review emphasizes the formation of the C-N bond and underscores the importance of generating intermediate products that can be readily transformed into primary amines through well-established reactions.

Albúmina sérica predictor de resultados intrahospitalarios en pacientes admitidos a la UCIN del Hospital de la Mujer / Serum albumin predicator of intrahospital outcomes in patients admitted to the NICU of the women's hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el estrés metabólico existe una sobreproducción proteica de reactantes positivos de la fase aguda y en el hígado, se frena la síntesis de otras proteínas, incluyendo la albúmina, denominadas Reactantes Negativos de la Fase Aguda. Los rangos de referencia precisos para la hipoalbuminemia patológica han resultado difíciles de determinar en los recién nacidos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Descriptivo de corte transversal en 494 recién nacidos. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de los datos con estadística descriptiva mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS v.20. RESULTADOS: 494 neonatos fueron seleccionados, 39% fueron prematuros tardíos, 27% reportó hipoalbuminemia en sus diferentes grados que se correlacionaron con los días de internación en UCIN (p=0,0001), necesidad y tiempo en ventilador mecánico (p=0,001), con la mortalidad (p=0,001) y patología infecciosa (p=0,001). DISCUSIÓN: La incidencia acumulada de sepsis no confirmada por hemocultivo fue de 54%, La hipoalbuminemia tiene asociaciones importantes con la evolución y pronóstico en pacientes pediátricos. La PCR no tiene correlación en el estudio (p=0,232) y solo fue reactiva en 4 pacientes (0,8%). CONCLUSIONES: El nivel de albúmina sérica reportada en las primeras 24 horas de ingreso a la UCIN es un predictor para los resultados intrahospitalarios (tiempo y requerimiento de ventilación mecánica), mortalidad neonatal, sepsis neonatal y enfermedad de membrana hialina. Su determinación sérica debe ser incluida en la lista de exámenes de laboratorio solicitados a su admisión y la PCR al ingreso debe ser excluida por su pobre sensibilidad como sugiere la SIBEN.

INTRODUCTION: In metabolic stress, there is a protein overproduction of positive acute phase reactants and in the liver, the synthesis of other proteins, including albumin, called negative acute phase reactants is slowed down. Precise reference ranges for pathologic hypoalbuminemia have proven difficult to determine in neonates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive cross section in 494 newborns. An exploratory analysis of the data with descriptive statistics was carried out using the statistical package SPSS v.20. RESULTS: 494 neonates were selected, 39% were late preterm, 27% reported hypoalbuminemia in its different degrees that correlated with the days of hospitalization in the NICU (p=0.0001), need and time on a mechanical ventilator (p=0.001), with mortality (p=0.001) and infectious pathology (p=0.001). DISCUSSION: The cumulative incidence of sepsis not confirmed by blood culture was 54%. Hypoalbuminemia has important associations with outcome and prognosis in pediatric patients. CRP does not correlate the study (p=0.232) and was only reactive in 4 patients (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Serum albumin level reported in the first 24 hours of NICU admission is a predictor for in-hospital outcomes (time and requirement of mechanical ventilation), neonatal mortality, neonatal sepsis, and hyaline membrane disease. Its serum determination should be included in the list of laboratory tests requested upon admission and the PCR upon admission should be excluded due to its poor sensitivity, as suggested by SIBEN.

Síndrome de eagle - barret: a propósito de un caso / Eagle-barrett syndrome: about a case

RESUMEN: INTRODUCCIÓN. El síndrome de la triada del abdomen en "Ciruela pasa" o Prune Belly es una alteración congénita infrecuente, caracterizada por la ausencia de la musculatura de la pared abdominal, anormalidades del tracto urinario y criptorquidia bilateral. CASO CLÍNICO. Lactante de 4 meses con ecografía prenatal que reportó mega vejiga, sometido a derivación vesico-amniótica (primer tiempo) a la semana 22 de gestación con evacuación de la vejiga por catéter implantado in útero. Se obtuvo por cesárea de urgencia al obstruirse al catéter instalado. Al nacer se realiza la derivación vejigo-cutánea (segundo tiempo) y cistoscopía diagnóstica (tercer tiempo). Se realizó un abordaje multidisciplinario hasta su alta hospitalaria y defunción del paciente al quinto mes de vida en su domicilio. DISCUSIÓN. Corresponde a la variedad Prune Belly verdadero por la falla en la pared abdominal, compromiso de las vías urinarias, persistencia del uraco y criptorquidia confirmado por ultrasonografía. No fue posible clasificarlo cabalmente según la probabilidad de mortalidad que adoptó Bedron. La sospecha diagnóstica al nacimiento fue clínica. El tratamiento quirúrgico depende de la gravedad, diagnóstico prenatal y se puede realizar la cirugía intrauterina derivativa con el fin de descomprimir la vejiga y evitar el oligohidramnios, de esta manera, aminorar el daño renal y sus consecuencias. El pronóstico depende de la gravedad y compromiso del sistema renal al momento del diagnóstico. Todos son susceptibles a infecciones urinarias recurrentes. Conocer la embriogénesis, diagnóstico prenatal, clasificación y alternativas terapéuticas según la función renal coadyuvan a un adecuado manejo multidisciplinario.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION. The syndrome of the triad of the abdomen in "Prune Plum" or Prune Belly is an infrequent congenital alteration, characterized by the absence of the muscles of the abdominal wall, abnormalities of the urinary tract and bilateral cryptorchidism. CLINICAL CASE. A 4-month-old infant with a prenatal ultrasound that reported a mega bladder, underwent vesico-amniotic bypass (first stage) at week 22 of gestation with evacuation of the bladder and a catheter implanted in the uterus. It was obtained by emergency cesarean section as the installed catheter was obstructed. At birth, the bladder-cutaneous diversion was performed (second stage) and diagnostic cystoscopy (third stage). A multidisciplinary approach was carried out until discharge from hospital and death of the patient at the fifth month of life at home. DISCUSSION. Corresponds to the true Prune Belly variety due to abdominal wall failure, urinary tract involvement, persistence of the urachus and cryptorchidism confirmed by ultrasonography. It was not possible to classify it fully according to the probability of mortality that Bedron adopted. The diagnostic suspicion at birth was clinical. Surgical treatment depends on the severity, prenatal diagnosis and intrauterine derivative surgery can be performed in order to decompress the bladder and avoid oligohydramnios, thus reducing kidney damage and its consequences. The prognosis depends on the severity and involvement of the renal system at the time of diagnosis. They are susceptible to recurrent urinary infections. Knowing embryogenesis, prenatal diagnosis, classification and therapeutic alternatives according to renal function contribute to an adequate multidisciplinary management.

Virtudes del médico: ¿qué importancia le atribuyen los pacientes?

Background: Theoretically, the exercise of good medicine requires physicians who possess and practice virtues. There are good reasons to believe that virtue ethics would be highly appreciated by patients. Aim: To determine the importance that patients attribute to the possession virtues among physicians. Material and Methods: Patients hospitalized in a private and a public hospital were invited to answer a three-question survey. The questions were: first, what do you expect of a good physician? Second, please evaluate, in a scale from 1 to 5, the importance of physician virtues to consider him a good doctor (fidelity to trust given by the patient, benevolence, postponement of self-interests, compassion, intellectual honesty, justice and prudence). Third, among the seven former virtues, select the three more important, and then the most important of all. Results: Most patients responded that they valued that a good physician should have good communication skills, a cordial relationship, commitment to the patient and knowledge. All virtues studied were considered important or very important by almost all patients. The virtues considered the most important were intellectual honesty and fidelity to trust given by the patient. Conclusions: These results support the theoretical argument that, for patients, the practice of virtue ethics is essential for a good medical practice.

[A survey among patients about physician virtues that they value]. / Virtudes del médico: ¿qué importancia le atribuyen los pacientes?

BACKGROUND: Theoretically, the exercise of good medicine requires physicians who possess and practice virtues. There are good reasons to believe that virtue ethics would be highly appreciated by patients. AIM: To determine the importance that patients attribute to the possession virtues among physicians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients hospitalized in a private and a public hospital were invited to answer a three-question survey. The questions were: first, what do you expect of a good physician? Second, please evaluate, in a scale from 1 to 5, the importance of physician virtues to consider him a good doctor (fidelity to trust given by the patient, benevolence, postponement of self-interests, compassion, intellectual honesty, justice and prudence). Third, among the seven former virtues, select the three more important, and then the most important of all. RESULTS: Most patients responded that they valued that a good physician should have good communication skills, a cordial relationship, commitment to the patient and knowledge. All virtues studied were considered important or very important by almost all patients. The virtues considered the most important were intellectual honesty and fidelity to trust given by the patient. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the theoretical argument that, for patients, the practice of virtue ethics is essential for a good medical practice.

Comparison of Models for Heat Transfer in High-Density Fibrous Insulation.

This study evaluated different models for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of fibrous insulation by comparing predicted values with certified values of Standard Reference Material 1450c, Fibrous Glass Board. This comparison involved the coupled effects of radiation and conduction heat transfer. To support these comparisons, the fiber diameter distribution was measured using X-ray computed tomography, and this distribution was used in several heat transfer models considered in this paper. For the evaluation of the radiative heat transfer, the diffusion approximation, the Schuster-Schwarzschild approximation, and the Milne-Eddington approximation were considered. The conduction of the gas and the fibers was treated by the kinetic theory and a semi-empirical model, respectively. Two models were considered for the evaluation of the radiative properties: the large specular reflecting approach and the application of Mie theory for media composed of infinite cylinders.

Comparison of 4 techniques for limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation in primary pterygium surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare 4 limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation techniques-conventional suture, commercial fibrin glue, autologous fibrin glue, and cautery-in primary nasal pterygium surgery. METHODS: This is a retrospective and descriptive study. The postoperative patient discomfort, graft edema, ocular inflammation, and other complications of 4 limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation techniques in primary nasal pterygium surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Postoperative patient discomfort was significantly lower with the sutureless techniques (p<0.001), with fixation with cautery having the lowest rate of discomfort. Graft edema and ocular inflammation during the early postoperative period were significantly higher when fibrin glue techniques were used (p<0.001). The recurrence rate did not show a statistically significant difference (p = 0.682) among the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: In primary nasal pterygium surgery, limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation using cautery is the technique with the lowest postoperative discomfort rate and without a statistically significant increase in recurrence rate when compared to conventional suture and fibrin glue techniques.

[Chilean consensus of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. / Consenso chileno de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile.

BACKGROUND: Clostridium dijfficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has become very important due to the increase in its incidence, severity, recurrence and the associated economic burden. Having a national consensus guideline is essential to improve its management. OBJECTIVE: To build a multidisciplinary and evidence-based consensus in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD. METHODS: We convened a panel of experts in the field of infectious diseases, gastroenterology, evidence-based medicine and consensus methodology. The panel conducted a structured review of published literature in CDAD evaluating evidence levels and recommendation degree according to the methodology proposed by the GRADE working-group. A modified three-round Delphi technique was used to reach a consensus among the experts. RESULTS: A group of 16 experts was established, 12 of them answered 18 clinically relevant questions. The levels of agreement achieved by the panel of 16 experts were 79% in the first round and 100% in the second and third round. The main consensus recommendations in prevention are: restricting the use of proton-pump inhibitors, primary prophylaxis with probiotics in antibiotics users, education of health personnel, isolation for patients hospitalized with CDAD, and cleaning the rooms exposed to C. difficile with products based in chlorine or hydrogen peroxide. In the diagnosis: use of biology molecular-based techniques is preferred and if not available, glutamate dehydrogenase-based algorithms may be recommended. With regard to treatment: the use of oral metronidazole in mild-moderate CDAD and oral vancomycin in severe CDAD are recommended. Treat the first recurrence with the same antibiotics according to severity. In the case of second and subsequent recurrences consider prolonged therapy with vancomycin, rifaximin or fecal microbiota transplant. CONCLUSION: The first Chilean consensus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD is presented, which is a major step in improving national standards in the management of this disease.

Consenso chileno de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile / Chilean consensus of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

Background: Clostridium dijfficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has become very important due to the increase in its incidence, severity, recurrence and the associated economic burden. Having a national consensus guideline is essential to improve its management. Objective: To build a multidisciplinary and evidence-based consensus in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD. Methods: We convened a panel of experts in the field of infectious diseases, gastroenterology, evidence-based medicine and consensus methodology. The panel conducted a structured review of published literature in CDAD evaluating evidence levels and recommendation degree according to the methodology proposed by the GRADE working-group. A modified three-round Delphi technique was used to reach a consensus among the experts. Results: A group of 16 experts was established, 12 of them answered 18 clinically relevant questions. The levels of agreement achieved by the panel of 16 experts were 79% in the first round and 100% in the second and third round. The main consensus recommendations in prevention are: restricting the use of proton-pump inhibitors, primary prophylaxis with probiotics in antibiotics users, education of health personnel, isolation for patients hospitalized with CDAD, and cleaning the rooms exposed to C. difficile with products based in chlorine or hydrogen peroxide. In the diagnosis: use of biology molecular-based techniques is preferred and if not available, glutamate dehydrogenase-based algorithms may be recommended. With regard to treatment: the use of oral metronidazole in mild-moderate CDAD and oral vancomycin in severe CDAD are recommended. Treat the first recurrence with the same antibiotics according to severity. In the case of second and subsequent recurrences consider prolonged therapy with vancomycin, rifaximin or fecal microbiota transplant. Conclusion: The first Chilean consensus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD is presented, which is a major step in improving national standards in the management of this disease.

Introducción: La diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile (DACD) ha adquirido gran relevancia debido al aumento en su incidencia, gravedad, capacidad de recurrencia y carga económica asociada. Contar con una guía de consenso local es fundamental para mejorar su manejo. Objetivo: Elaborar un consenso multidisciplinara y basado en la evidencia en la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la DACD. Métodos: Se convocó a un panel de expertos en el área de enfermedades infecciosas, gastroenterología, medicina basada en la evidencia y metodología de consenso. El panel realizó una revisión estructurada de la literatura científica publicada en DACD evaluando el nivel de la evidencia y recomendación utilizando el sistema GRADE. Una técnica de Delfi modificada de tres rondas fue utilizada para alcanzar un consenso entre los expertos. Resultados: Se estableció un grupo de 16 expertos, 12 de ellos respondieron 18 preguntas de relevancia clínica. Los niveles de acuerdo alcanzados por el panel de 16 expertos fueron de 79% en la primera ronda y 100% en la segunda y tercera ronda. Las principales recomendaciones en prevención son: restricción del uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones, profilaxis primaria con probióticos en usuarios de antimicrobianos de corto plazo, educación del personal de salud, aislamiento de contacto en pacientes hospitalizados con DACD y aseo de las habitaciones expuestas a C. difficile con productos en base a cloro o peróxido de hidrógeno. En el diagnóstico se recomienda: el uso de técnicas basadas en biología molecular y como alternativa algoritmos en base a glutamato deshidrogenasa. Con respecto al tratamiento, se recomienda el uso de metronidazol oral en DACD leve-moderada y vancomicina oral en DACD grave. El tratamiento de la primera recurrencia es con los mismos antimicrobianos de acuerdo a la gravedad, considerando en la segunda recurrencia y posteriores terapia prolongada con vancomicina, rifaximina o trasplante de microbiota fecal. Conclusión: Se presenta el primer consenso chileno en prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de DACD, paso trascendental en mejorar los estándares locales en el manejo de esta enfermedad.

Resección de Pterigion nasal primario con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival sin suturas / Sutureless limbal-conjunctival autograft for nasal pterygium surgery

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y los síntomas en el postoperatorio de la resección de pterigion nasal primario con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival sin suturas. Diseño del estudio: Estudio prospectivo e intervencional. Métodos: Se incluyeron 58 ojos de 58 pacientes con pterigion nasal primario que fueron llevados a resección con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival; la fi jación del autoinjerto se realizó con cauterio en 29 pacientes y con sutura en 29 pacientes. Se realizó un seguimiento periódico de los casos por 24 meses y variables como el tiempo quirúrgico, el discomfort en el postoperatorio, el edema de la plastia, la inflamación ocular y las complicaciones fueron evaluadas y comparadas entre los subgrupos. Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 16 minutos para el grupo de fijación con cauterio y de 40 minutos en el grupo de fijación con suturas. El discomfort postoperatorio durante los primeros 15 días fue menor en el grupo de fijación con cauterio (p<0.001). No hubo diferencias entre los subgrupos en la tasa de recurrencia, pero el grupo de fijación con cauterio presentó una tasa mayor de dehiscencia de los bordes de la plastia (p<0.001) y del descenso conjuntival (p<0.001). Conclusiones: La resección del pterigion nasal primario con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival fijado con cauterio es una técnica prometedora que lleva a un menor discomfort postoperatorio que la técnica convencional con suturas, tiene una baja tasa de recurrencias y requiere de un menor tiempo quirúrgico.

Objective: To evaluate the eff ectiveness and postoperative symptomatology of sutureless limbal-conjunctival autograft for pterygium surgery. Study design: Prospective and interventional study. Methods: 58 eyes of 58 patients with primary nasal pterygium that underwent pterygium resection with limbal-conjunctival autograft were included. Graft fi xation was done with cautery in 29 patients and with sutures in 29 patients. The patients were followed with periodic evaluations during 24 months. Surgical time, postoperative discomfort, graft edema, ocular inflammation, and complications were evaluated and compared between groups. Results: The average surgical time was 16 minutes for the cautery group and 40 minutes for the suture group. Postoperative discomfort during the first 15 days was statistically significant lesser for the cautery group (p<0.001). There was no difference in recurrence rate among groups; however, the cautery-fi xation group presented a significantly greater incidence of graft´s edges dehiscence (p<0.001), and superior conjunctiva dehiscence (p<0.001). Conclusions: Primary nasal pterygium resection with cautery-fi xated limbal-conjunctival autograft is a promising technique that causes less postoperative discomfort than conventional sutures, has a low recurrence rate and requires less surgical time.

La salud mental en la atencion primaria de salud / Mental health in primmary health care

La salud mental implica la capacidad del individuo de adaptarse al ambiente en que vive, asi como su capacidad de participar o contribuir en forma constructiva a las modificaciones necesarias de su ambiente fisico y social. Ademas supone que un individuo ha llegado a desarrollar su personalidad de modo que pueda conseguir expresion armoniosa en la plena realizacion de sus potenciales para sus impulsos instructivos, susceptibles de hallarse en conflicto. Tambien la salud mental apunta, en lo fundamental a la calidad de vida, tanto en el plano individual como en el colectivo, sea este familiar, laboral o social, calidad que es dificil de tipificar y por ende, de valorar debidamente al establecer programas de salud

Aortitis de Takayasu y aneurisma torácico complicado por ruptura / Takayasu's arteritis complicated by a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm

Una mujer de 50 años, hipertensa antigua, es admitida por presentar un cuadro de dolor torácico, disnea y alteración de los pulsos periféricos. Los exámenes de laboratorio demostraron una marcada hipoxemia, anemia y velocidad de sedimentación aumentada. Los exámenes radiológicos comprobaron una arteritis de Takayasu tipo III complicada con la ruptura de un aneurisma secular de la aorta yuxtadiafragmática, el que no alcanzó a ser intervenido. La anatomía patológica comprobó las lesiones descritas. Se revisa la literatura encontrándose 2 casos similares, ambos fatales, y varios otros de formación aneurismática por arteritis en otros vasos. La arteritis de Takayasu es causa de aneurismas aórtico y periféricos, y se sospecha debe llevar al estudio panangiográfico. La demostración de estas lesiones requier de un seguimiento estrecho y dee su reparación electiva en especial si son de tipo sacular

Efecto broncodilatador del fenoterol en el asma aguda y después de 2 semanas / Broncodilator effect of fenoterol in acute asthma and after 2 weeks

Se estudiaron 29 niños asmáticos (18 con acceso y 11 asintomáticos), administrándoles una inhalación de Fenoterol Aerosol Dosificador durante la crisis asmática o una inhalación tres veces al día durante dos semanas a los pacientes asintomáticos. En ambos grupos de pacientes se observó una mejoría ostensible en las pruebas espirométricas, así como una mejoría clínica